Chemical Elements

By Growhills

Dive into the world of chemical elements with this comprehensive study. Understand the periodic table's structure, the properties and classifications of elements, and their significance in various fields. Explore detailed information on atomic structure, element groups, and periodic trends. Learn about the discovery and history of elements, their roles in everyday life, and their applications in science and industry. This article serves as an in-depth guide for students, educators, and anyone interested in the foundational components of matter.


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Chemicals

Chemical Elements

An element, in any substance, can not be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes. Or it is a pure substance consisting only of atoms that all have the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei. At present more than 120 elements have been discovered.     

Element--Symbol--Atomic Number

Hydrogen: H--1

Helium: He --2

Lithium: Li- 3

Beryllium-Be-4

Boron: B-5

Carbon: C-6

Nitrogen: N-7

Oxygen: O- 8

Fluorine: F-9

Neon: Ne-10

Sodium: Na-11

Magnesium: Mg-12

Aluminum: Al-13

Silicon: Si-14

Phosphorous –P-15

Sulphur-S-16

Chlorine-Cl-17

Argon -Ar-18

Potassium-K-19

Calcium-Ca-20

Scandium-Sc  - 21

Titanium-Ti-22

Vanadium-V-23

Chromium –Cr-24

Manganese –Mn-25

Iron (Ferum)-Fe-26

Cobalt -Co-27

Nickel-Ni-28

Copper (Cuprum) –Cu-29

Zinc-Zn-30 

Gallium-Ga-31

Germanium –Ge-32

Arsenic -As -33

Selenium-Se -34

Bromine-Br -35

Krypton-Kr-36

Rubidium-Rb -37

Strontium -Sr -38

Yttrium-Y-39

Zirconium-Zr -40

Niobium-Nb-41

Molybdenum –Mo-42

Technetium-Te-43

Ruthenium-Ru-44

Rhodium-Rh -45

Palladium-Pd -46

Silver –Ag-47

Cadmium-Cd -48

Indium -In-49

Tin-Sn-50

Antimony -Sb -51

Tellurium-Te  -52

Iodine -I-53

Xenon- Xe-54

Caesium-Ce-55

Barium  -Ba-56

Lanthanum-La-57    

Cerium -Ce-58

Praseodymium-Pr-59

Neodymium-Nd-60

Promethium-Pm-61

Samarium-Sm-62

Europium-Eu -63

Gadolinium-Gd-64

Terbium –Tb -65

Dysprosium-Dy-66

Holmium-Ho-67

Erbium -Er-68

Thulium-Tm-69

Ytterbium-Yb-70

Lutetium-Lu -71

Hafnium-Hf-72

Tantalum-Ta-73

Tungsten-W-74

Rhenium-Re-75

Osmium-Os-76

Iridium -Ir-77

Platinum-Pt-78

Gold –Au-79                                    

Mercury-Hg-80

Thallium-Ti-81

Lead-Pb-82

Bismuth-Bi-83

Polonium-Po-84

Astatine-At-85

Radon-Rn-86

Francium-Fr-87

Radium-Ra-88

Actinium-Ac-89

Thorium-Th-90

Protactinium-Pa-91

Uranium-U-92

Neptunium-Np-93

Plutonium-Pu -94

Americium-Am-95

Curium-Cm-96

Berkelium-Bk -97

Californium-Cf-98

Einsteinium-Es-99

Fermium-Fm-100

Mendelevium-Md-101

Nobelium-No -102

Lawrencium-Lr-103

Rutherfordium - Rf-104

Dubnium-Db-105

Seaborgium-Sg-106

Bohrium-Bh-107

Hassium-Hs-108

Meitnerium-Mt-109

Darmastadium -Ds-110

Roentgenium-Rg-111

Copernicium-Cn -112

Unutrium-Uut -113

Flerovium-FI-114

Ununpentium-uup-115 (formerly Ununquadium)

Livermorium-Lv-116

Ununseptium-Uus-117 (formerly Ununhexium)

Ununoctium-Uuo-118

Ununennium-Uue-119

Unbinilium-Ubn-120


S.I.Unit 

It is the modern form of metric system and the international system of measurement with an official status. S.I means ‘Systeme international’ (French word).

Quantity-Unit-Symbol

Length -Meter -m

Time –Second-s

Mass-Kilogram-Kg

Area-Square metre-m2 

Volume-Cubic metre -m3

Velocity-Meter/Second -m/s

Acceleration -Meter/Second square -m/s2                           

Density -Kilogram/meter cube-Kg/m3

Momentum-Kilogram metre/second -Kg m/s

Temperature -Kelvin -K

Resistance -Ohm                               

Electric current -Ampere -A

Electromotive force-Volt-V

Electrical Conductivity -Ohm/Metre                       -

Electric Energy -Kilowatt-hour-Kwh

Electric Power -Watt -W

Charge -Coulomb-C

Luminous flux -Candela-cd

Power of Lens -Dioptre-d

Depth of sea -Fathom                        -

Electric Potential-Volt-V

Atmospheric Pressure -Pascal or N/m2 Pa

Electricity -Coulomb -C

Illuminance-Lux                                -

Unit of potential difference –Volt-V

Work-Joule-J

Energy -Joule -J

Force-Newton-N

Pressure-Pascal or Newton/sq.metre-N/m2

Frequency –Hertz-Hz

Power-Watt-W

Weight -Newton-N or kg-wt

Impulse-Newton-Second-Ns

Angular Velocity-Radian/Second     -

Viscosity-Pascal Second-Pa.S

Surface tension-Newton/square metre-N/m2           

Heat-Joule-J

Temperature –Kelvin-K

Wavelength and also the

Length of atomic dimensions –Angstrom-A

Radio activity -Becquerel-Bq

Magnetic Flux -Weber-Wb

Quantity of heat-Calorie-Cal                      

Illuminating Power of

Source of light -Candle Power-cP

Electric Charge-Faraday-Fd

Inductance-Henry-H

Speed of ship or aircraft –Knot-Kn

Brightness-Lambere-La or Lb or L

Luminous Flux –Lumen-Lm

Amount of substance  -Mole -mol

Stress –Pascal-Pa

Plane angle-Radian-rad

Magnetic Flux Density-Tesla                                  


Alloy

It is the combination of two or more metals (elements). The properties of alloys are different than the individual properties of these elements.  

Some Important Alloys

Name-Composition-Use

Brass - Cu (60 to 80%), Zn (40 to 20%)-For making household utensils 

Bronze -Cu (75 to 90%), Sn (25 to 10%)-For making coins, idols, utensils, etc.

German Silver-Cu (60%), Zn (25%), Ni(15%)- For making utensils

Magnellium-Mg(5%), Al(95%)-For making aircraft frame.

Rolled Gold-Cu (90%), Ni(10%)-For making Cheap Ornaments               

Monel Metal -Cu (70%), Ni(30%)-For making alkali-resistant containers.

Bell Metal-Cu (80%), Sn(20%)-For making Bells

Gun Metal -Cu(85%),Zn (10%), Sn(5%) -Used for engineering purposes.

Solder-Sn (50 to 75%),  Pb (50 to25%) -Soldering of metals.

Duralium-Al (95%), Cu (4%), Mg(0.5%),
Mn (0.5%)-In aircraft manufacturing

Steel -Fe(98%), C(2%)-For making nails, screws, bridges, etc.

Stainless Steel -Fe(82%), Cr, Ni(18%)-For making cooking, utensils, knives, etc.


Chemical names of some common compounds

Common Name- Chemical Name- Chemical symbol

Bleaching Powder -Calcium Oxychloride-CaOCll2

Blue Vitriol-Copper Sulphate -CuSO4. 5H2O

Caustic Soda-Sodium Hydroxide-NaOH

Rock Salt -Sodium Chloride -NaCl

Caustic Potash  -Potassium Hydroxide-KOH

Potash Alum-Potassium Aluminiumm Sulphate -K2SO4, Al2(SO4)3,24H2O

Epsom -Magnesium Sulphate-MgSO4, 7H2O         

White Vitriol-Zinc Sulphate -ZnSO4. 7H2O

Marsh Gas-Methane-CH4    

Dry Ice-Solid Carbondioxide -Co2

Slaked Lime-Calcium Hydroxide-Ca(OH)2

Nausadar-Ammonium Chloride-NH4Cl      

Epsom -Magnesium Sulphate-MgSO4, 7H2O         

Quick Lime -Calcium Oxide -CaO

Plaster of Paris-Calcium Sulphate -(CaSO4)2H2O

Gypsum-Calcium Sulphate-CaSO4. 2H2O               

Green Vitriol -Ferrous Sulphate-FeSO47H2O

Mohr’s Salt-Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate-FeSO4(NH4)2SO4,H2O

Marsh Gas-Methane-CH4    

Vinegar-Acetic Acid -CH3COOH

Potash Ash-Potassium Carbonate -K2CO3

Hypo-Sodium Thiosulphate -N2S2O3,5H2O

Baking -Powder -Sodium Bicarbonate-NaHCO3

Washing Soda -Sodium Carbonate- Na2CO3, 10H2O

Magnesia-Magnesium Oxide -MgO

Chalk (Marble)-Calcium Carbonate -CaCO3

Lunar Caustic  -Silver Nitrate-AgNO3

Laughing Gas  -Nitrous Oxide-N2O

Chloroform-Trichloro Methane-CHCl3

Vermaliun-Mercuric Sulphide-HgS

Borax-Borax-Na2B4O7.10H2O

Alcohol-Ethyl alcohol-C2H5OH

Sugar-Sucrose-C12H22O11

Heavy Water-Duterium Oxide-D2O

Glauber Salt-Hydrated Sodium Sulphate      Na2SO4.10H2O

T.N.T. -Tri Nitrotolyene-C6H2CH3 (NO2)3

Calomel-Mercurous Chloride-HgCl

Sand -Silicon Oxide-SiO2.  0 0 0.


Chemical Elements: FAQs

FAQs on Chemical Elements

1. What are chemical elements?

Chemical elements are pure substances that consist of only one type of atom, characterized by a specific number of protons in their nuclei. Each element is unique and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Examples of chemical elements include hydrogen, oxygen, and gold.

2. How is the periodic table organized?

The periodic table is organized by increasing atomic number, which is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. Elements are arranged in rows called periods and columns called groups. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell.

3. What is the significance of the atomic number?

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the element's identity and its position on the periodic table. It also defines the element's chemical properties and how it interacts with other elements.

4. What are the different classifications of elements?

Elements are classified into three main categories: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Metals are typically shiny, conductive, and malleable. Nonmetals are diverse in appearance and properties but generally are not conductive. Metalloids have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals.

5. What are some common uses of chemical elements?

Chemical elements have a wide range of uses. For example, oxygen is essential for respiration, carbon is a key component of organic life, silicon is used in electronics, and metals like iron and aluminum are used in construction and manufacturing.

6. How were chemical elements discovered?

Chemical elements were discovered over several centuries through experiments and observations. Early alchemists identified some elements, but the modern understanding of elements began with the work of scientists like Antoine Lavoisier, who defined the concept of an element, and Dmitri Mendeleev, who developed the periodic table.

7. What are isotopes?

Isotopes are variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. This difference in neutron number results in different atomic masses for the isotopes of an element. Some isotopes are stable, while others are radioactive.

8. What are periodic trends, and why are they important?

Periodic trends are patterns observed in the properties of elements across the periodic table. These trends include atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity. Understanding these trends helps predict the chemical behavior of elements and their compounds.

9. How do elements form compounds?

Elements form compounds through chemical reactions by either transferring or sharing electrons to achieve stable electron configurations. This can result in ionic bonds, where electrons are transferred between atoms, or covalent bonds, where electrons are shared.

10. What role do chemical elements play in everyday life?

Chemical elements play crucial roles in everyday life. For example, carbon forms the basis of all organic compounds, essential for life. Elements like calcium and phosphorus are vital for bone health, while elements such as lithium and silicon are key components in batteries and electronics. Understanding chemical elements and their interactions is fundamental to many scientific and industrial processes that impact daily life. 0 0 0

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