Explore the history of Ancient Kamrup through its notable rulers, including the Danava, Asura, and Varmana dynasties. Learn about the legendary kings Mahiranga Danav, Naraka, Bhagadatta, Bhismaka, Banasura, and Kumar Bhaskarvarmana, and their significant contributions to the cultural and political landscape of ancient Assam.

Rulers of  Ancient Kamrup

The Danava Dynasty:

Mahiranga Danav was the earliest king of ancient Assam (Kamrup). He was non-Aryan, probably, his non-Aryan name was  ‘Mairang’. His capital was at Mairangka,
which may be identified with a hill called ‘Mairang Parvat’ which still exists on the Shillong -Guwahati Road at a distance of seven miles from Guwahati. The name ‘Mairang’ was Sanskritised into Mahiranga. It was a Bodo name and the people of this race who inhabited the country were called Kiratas as they were Mongolian immigrants’, it is unknown when and how he established the kingdom. But he was a Kirata Chief. Mahiranga Danava is said to have succeeded in direct descent by Hatakasura, Sambarasura, Ratnapura, and Ghatakasura. Ghatakasura was the ruler of Kiratas who is said to have been killed by Naraka.

The  Asura  Dynasty

It was known from  ‘Puranas’ and ‘Tantras’ that Ghataka was defeated and slain by Naraka Asura who was the hero of that time. According to legend, Naraka was born of the earth (Bhumi) by Vishnu, the great God, and preserver of the world. So, he is called Bhauma (born of the earth) and on account of his supposed divine origin, all families in ancient Assam claimed descent from him. He was left on the sacrificial ground of King Janaka of Videha, who brought him up in his court along with the royal princess till he was sixteen years old, Goddesses Prithvi impersonated herself as a nurse, Katyayni, and looked to the Child’s upbringing. 

Pragjyotishpur (the modern Guwahati) was Naraka’s capital. The hill near Guwahati is still known as the Hill of Narakasur. His rule extended from the Karatoya in the west to Dikrang in the east. He settled the people of the Aryan race in Pragjyotishpur after driving out Mongolian Kiratas from the land. He married Maya, the daughter of the Aryan Chief of Vidarbha and was greatly favored by Vishnu who taught him to worship the Goddess Kamakhya. During his early career as a king, he was pious and ruled the country justly but afterward, he came under the influence of Banasura, the king of Sonitpur, and grew irreligious and presumptuous. He became arrogant and  ill-treated the Aryan of Pragjyotishpur. He even asked Kamakhya to accept him as her husband. Goddess Kamakhya is said to have evaded him by laying a difficult condition. She agreed to marry him if he could erect a temple to her on Nilachal hill and also a tank and a road to the temple in a single night. Naraka almost accomplished the impossible task, the Goddess caused a cock to crow signalizing the approach of dawn and on his plea evaded her promise to marry him. Highly enraged with this act of black-mailing Naraka slew the cock. The place where he did it is still known as Kukurakata (Cock-Kukura, Kata-to kill).  Naraka had incurred the permanent displeasure of both Kamakhya and Vishnu. His atrocities had agitated the people. It is said that he even stole away the famous Chatra (umbrella) of the god Varuna and the golden earrings of Aditi, the mother of the Gods. The news of Naraka reached Dwarka and Lord Krishna the incarnation of Vishnu, subsequently killed him and placed his son Bhagadatta on the throne. Naraka was a  powerful king and in ancient Assam, he was the first chief known to have introduced Aryan culture and civilization.

Bhagadatta

Bhagadatta was the son of Naraka as stated in the epigraphs of ancient Assam as well as the Kalika Purana. The ‘Harsha-Charita’, on the other hand, describes Bhagadatta in the variety of Naraka. Legends state that Bhagadatta gave his daughter Bhanumati in the marriage to the Durjyadhana, the eldest son of Dhritarashtra and for this particular relationship, he participated in the great Kurukshetra War. He was a powerful warrior king. He was called the mighty king of Melchchas and described as the ‘best wielder of the elephant squad’ amongst those kings participating in the war on the Kaurava side. It is stated that Bhagadatta was so old at that time that, while fighting, he had to tie a rag around his forehead, lest his wrinkles would cover his eyes. Despite this, he could show great courage and skill in fighting. During the war, the Kalinga army was also placed under his command. By this eight-day fighting with Arjuna, he created terror in the Pandavas’ camp. With the advice of Krishna, Arjuna, at last, cut his rag with an arrow and then killed him. Description of Bhagadatta’s career is found in the Mahabharata, Harsha-Charita, Vishnu-Puran, Kalika-Puran,  etc.

Bhismaka

Vidarbha was the kingdom of Bhismaka, which is located in the region of Sadiya. His capital was at Kundila, situated on the bank of the river Kundil, which flows through Sadiya. It is described as the remains of an extensive fort, about 24 miles north of Sadiya, between the Dikrang and Dibang rivers, which are said to be the remains of his capital. Bhismaka had five sons and a beautiful and accomplished daughter named Rukmini. On hearing her beauty Krishna wanted to marry her. Rukmini also desired to marry him, but her brother arranged her marriage with a prince named Sishupala. On her wedding day, before the betrothal ceremony could take place, Krishna, on receipt of a secret message from Rukmini, appeared on the spot and carried her off in his chariot to Dwarka defeating the crown of princes.   

Banasura

Banasura was the contemporary king of Naraka, as per the description  of Kalika Purana, the Bhagavata and the Vishnu Purana’s story. His kingdom extended in the east as far as the modern district of Lakhimpur and in the west to North Bengal. He made his capital city at Sonitpur (Now Tezpur). Bana was a non-Aryan king and a devout worshipper of Siva.  He had many sons but only one daughter named Usha. She fell in love with Aniruddha, the grandson of Krishna. With the help of Chitralekha, Usha’s artist friend and the subsequent capture and confinement of Aniruddha and his final release by Krishna is narrated in a well-known Assamese poetical work ‘Kumara Harana’ written by Chandra Bharti. The great battle (Hari-Har’s war) where Bana was defeated by Krishna is said to have been fought on the modern site of the Tejpur beel. Bhaluka (King Ban’s one grandson) made his capital at Bhalukpung of Balipara near Tezpur.

Varmana Dynasty:   

Pushyavarman (350-380 A.D.) was the founder of the Varmana dynasty and he traced his descent from the Bhauma dynasty of Naraka-Bhagadatta. He is called the first historical king of Assam.  Pushjyvarmana assumed the title Maharajadhiraja (king of kings) which indicates his independent status, though how far he could extend the frontiers of his kingdom is not known. That Davaka, identified with the Kipili Valley in the modern Nagaon district, was an independent kingdom was indicated by its separate mention in the Allahabad ‘Pillar Prasasti’ of Samudragupta. He was contemporary to the King Samudragupta (330-375 A.d.). After Pushyavarman  Samudravarmana (approx. 380-405/10) ascended the throne.

Balavarman’s (aprx.405-420)  successor Kalyanvarmana (420-440 AD) who had indulged in the supreme pleasure of doing good to others and was of equal strength to Indra, had a face like the moon. Most probably Kalyan Varman brought the Kapili under his control. The Kapili Valley is still called Davaka, which may be identified with the kingdom of Davaka mentioned in the ‘Allahabad pillar’ inscription of Samudragupta.

The successor of Kalyanvarman, whose reigns cover the remaining period of the 5th century and perhaps also the beginning of the 6th century were Ganapati Varman (C. 440-50 AD), Mahendravarmana (C 450-485 AD) and Narayanavarmana (C. 485-510 AD). Mahendravarna defeated the soldiers of the Gupta dynasty and he was the first Varmana king who held the “Ashyamegha Yaghya”.  Mahendravarmana was further enhanced by his grandson Bhutivarmana (510-550 A.D.). The next successors of the Varmana dynasty are Chandramukha Varmmana (550-565 A.D.), Susthivaramana (565-585 A.D.), Susthita Varmana (585-593 A.D.).

Kumar  Bhaskarvarmana:

He was the son of Susthivaramana.. He ruled for almost 50 years (594-650 AD) forms a brilliant chapter in the History of ancient Assam. He was not only the greatest king of this family but also a remarkable ruler of ancient India. Bhaskara was a little senior to Harsha. Bhaskar played an important role in the political history of northern India. In the early part of his reign, he formed an alliance with Harshavardhana, the most powerful king of northern India at that time. This alliance an act of political wisdom on the part of Bhaskara brought fresh glories to Kamrupa and enabled it to participate in pan-Indian -politics. A community of purpose - that of ousting or killing Sasanka-drew both Harsha and Bhaskara to be parties to an undying association which the author of the Harshacharita compares with the traditionally famous alliance between Krishna and Dhanaanjay (Arjuna), Kama and Durjyodhana and between Kubera and Siva. Another great event that crowns the career of Bhaskara and adds justice to the history of ancient Assam is the visit of the reputed Chinese pilgrim Huen-T-Sung to Kamrupa.  Besides the whole Kamrupa, a considerable portion of Bengal and some portion of Bihar or at least the Nalanda region was Bhaskara’s kingdom defined in
the ‘Yogini Tantra’. 0 0 0.

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Historical Overview of Kamrup

Kamrup, often referred to as Pragjyotisha in ancient texts, was a powerful kingdom in what is now Assam. It played a crucial role in shaping the region's history and culture. The kingdom is believed to have existed from around the 4th century AD and continued until the early medieval period. The name "Kamrup" is derived from the legend of Kamadeva, the god of love, who was reborn in this land after being turned to ashes by Lord Shiva.

Geography of Kamrup

The ancient kingdom of Kamrup encompassed a vast area that included the Brahmaputra Valley, stretching from the Karatoya River in the west to the Dikrang in the east. The modern districts of Kamrup (Metropolitan and Rural), Nalbari, Barpeta, and parts of Darrang and Goalpara in Assam roughly correspond to the historical boundaries of Kamrup. The kingdom was known for its fertile plains, dense forests, and the mighty Brahmaputra River, which played a significant role in the region's economy and culture.

Dynasties of Kamrup

Danava Dynasty: As mentioned earlier, this was the earliest known dynasty, with rulers like Mahiranga Danav. The Danavas were non-Aryan rulers, often associated with the Kirata people, who were early inhabitants of the region.

Asura Dynasty: The Asura Dynasty, founded by Naraka, is one of the most celebrated in Kamrup's history. Naraka and his successors, such as Bhagadatta, played pivotal roles in establishing Aryan culture in the region.

Varman Dynasty: The Varman Dynasty is perhaps the most significant in Kamrup's history, with rulers like Pushyavarman and Bhaskaravarman. This dynasty marked the peak of Kamrup's power and influence, particularly during the reign of Bhaskaravarman, who formed alliances with other powerful rulers like Harshavardhana.

Cultural Significance

Kamrup was a melting pot of various cultures, primarily due to its location at the crossroads of different civilizations. The region was a confluence of Aryan and non-Aryan cultures, leading to a unique blend of religious and cultural practices. The Kamakhya Temple, one of the most important Shakti Peethas in India, is a testament to the region's rich religious heritage. The temple, dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya, has been a significant pilgrimage site for centuries and continues to attract devotees from across the country.

Religion and Spirituality

Kamrup was a major center for Tantric practices, particularly those associated with Shaktism. The Kamakhya Temple, located on Nilachal Hill in modern-day Guwahati, was the epicenter of these practices. The region was also influenced by Buddhism, particularly during the reign of the Varman Dynasty, which maintained diplomatic relations with Buddhist kingdoms like that of Harshavardhana.

Legacy of Kamrup

The legacy of Kamrup lives on in the culture and traditions of Assam. The region's history is celebrated in its literature, folklore, and festivals. The concept of Kamrup as a cultural and spiritual heartland continues to influence Assamese identity, making it a vital part of India's northeastern heritage.

These details provide a broader context for understanding the historical and cultural importance of Kamrup, beyond its rulers and dynasties. 0 0 0.

Rulers of Ancient Kamrup: FAQs

Here are some FAQs based on the rulers of Ancient Kamrup:

1. Who was the first ruler of ancient Assam (Kamrup)?

Mahiranga Danav was the first known ruler of ancient Assam, also known as Kamrup. He was a non-Aryan ruler and is believed to have been a Kirata Chief. His capital was located at Mairangka, which is identified with a hill called 'Mairang Parvat' near Guwahati.

2. What is known about the Danava Dynasty?

The Danava Dynasty is known as one of the earliest ruling dynasties in ancient Assam. Mahiranga Danav, a non-Aryan king, was the founder of this dynasty. He was succeeded by rulers like Hatakasura, Sambarasura, Ratnapura, and Ghatakasura. Ghatakasura, the last ruler of this dynasty, was defeated by Naraka, who established the Asura Dynasty.

3. Who was Naraka and what was his significance in Kamrup's history?

Naraka, also known as Naraka Asura, was a significant ruler of Kamrup who established the Asura Dynasty. He is believed to be the son of Bhumi (Earth) and Vishnu, giving him a divine origin. Naraka is known for introducing Aryan culture and civilization in Kamrup, and his capital was Pragjyotishpur (modern-day Guwahati). He was eventually killed by Lord Krishna, who placed Naraka's son Bhagadatta on the throne.

4. What role did Bhagadatta play in the Mahabharata?

Bhagadatta, the son of Naraka, played a crucial role in the Mahabharata. He was a powerful warrior king and participated in the Kurukshetra War on the side of the Kauravas. Bhagadatta was known as the "best wielder of the elephant squad" and fought valiantly against the Pandavas. He was eventually killed by Arjuna during the war.

5. Who was Bhismaka, and what is his connection to Krishna?

Bhismaka was the king of Vidarbha, with his capital at Kundila, located in the region of Sadiya. He had a daughter named Rukmini, who was known for her beauty and accomplishments. Krishna, upon hearing of her beauty, desired to marry her. Despite Bhismaka's son's arrangements for Rukmini to marry Sishupala, Krishna carried her off to Dwarka and married her.

6. What is the significance of Banasura in Kamrup's history?

Banasura was a contemporary of Naraka and a powerful non-Aryan king who ruled over a vast kingdom extending from modern-day Lakhimpur to North Bengal. His capital was Sonitpur (now Tezpur). Banasura was a devout worshipper of Shiva and had a daughter named Usha, who fell in love with Aniruddha, the grandson of Krishna. Banasura's battle with Krishna, known as the Hari-Har's war, is a significant event in Assamese folklore.

7. Who founded the Varmana Dynasty in Kamrup, and what was its significance?

The Varmana Dynasty was founded by Pushyavarman around 350-380 A.D. He is considered the first historical king of Assam and traced his descent from the Bhauma dynasty of Naraka-Bhagadatta. The Varmana Dynasty played a crucial role in the history of Kamrup, with Pushyavarman assuming the title of Maharajadhiraja (king of kings) and expanding the kingdom's influence.

8. What made Kumar Bhaskarvarmana a remarkable ruler in the history of Kamrup?

Kumar Bhaskarvarmana, who ruled from 594-650 A.D., was the most distinguished ruler of the Varmana Dynasty and one of the greatest kings in the history of ancient India. He formed a strategic alliance with Harshavardhana, the most powerful king of northern India at the time, which brought significant glory to Kamrup. His reign is also marked by the visit of the Chinese pilgrim Huen-T-Sung to Kamrup, further highlighting the kingdom's importance in ancient India. 0 0 0

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